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><H1
><A
NAME="APP-POSTGRES"
></A
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>postgres</SPAN
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN87543"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>postgres&nbsp;--&nbsp;<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> database server</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN87549"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><P
><TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> [<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>option</I
></TT
>...]</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN87554"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
>   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> is the
   <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> database server.  In order
   for a client application to access a database it connects (over a
   network or locally) to a running <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> instance.
   The <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> instance then starts a separate server
   process to handle the connection.
  </P
><P
>   One <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> instance always manages the data of
   exactly one database cluster.  A database cluster is a collection
   of databases that is stored at a common file system location (the
   <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"data area"</SPAN
>).  More than one
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> instance can run on a system at one
   time, so long as they use different data areas and different
   communication ports (see below).  When
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> starts it needs to know the location
   of the data area.  The location must be specified by the
   <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-D</TT
> option or the <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGDATA</TT
> environment
   variable; there is no default.  Typically, <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-D</TT
> or
   <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGDATA</TT
> points directly to the data area directory
   created by <A
HREF="app-initdb.html"
>initdb</A
>.  Other possible file layouts are
   discussed in <A
HREF="runtime-config-file-locations.html"
>Section 18.2</A
>.
  </P
><P
>   By default <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> starts in the
   foreground and prints log messages to the standard error stream.  In
   practical applications <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
>
   should be started as a background process, perhaps at boot time.
  </P
><P
>   The <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> command can also be called in
   single-user mode.  The primary use for this mode is during
   bootstrapping by <A
HREF="app-initdb.html"
>initdb</A
>.  Sometimes it is used
   for debugging or disaster recovery;  note that running a single-user
   server is not truly suitable for debugging the server, since no
   realistic interprocess communication and locking will happen.
   When invoked in single-user
   mode from the shell, the user can enter queries and the results
   will be printed to the screen, but in a form that is more useful
   for developers than end users.  In the single-user mode,
   the session user will be set to the user with ID 1, and implicit
   superuser powers are granted to this user.
   This user does not actually have to exist, so the single-user mode
   can be used to manually recover from certain
   kinds of accidental damage to the system catalogs.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="APP-POSTGRES-OPTIONS"
></A
><H2
>Options</H2
><P
>    <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> accepts the following command-line
    arguments.  For a detailed discussion of the options consult <A
HREF="runtime-config.html"
>Chapter 18</A
>.  You can save typing most of these
    options by setting up a configuration file.  Some (safe) options
    can also be set from the connecting client in an
    application-dependent way to apply only for that session.  For
    example, if the environment variable <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGOPTIONS</TT
> is
    set, then <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>libpq</SPAN
>-based clients will pass that
    string to the server, which will interpret it as
    <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> command-line options.
   </P
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN87586"
></A
><H3
>General Purpose</H3
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-A 0|1</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Enables run-time assertion checks, which is a debugging aid to
        detect programming mistakes.  This option is only available if
        assertions were enabled when <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> was
        compiled. If so, the default is on.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-B <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>nbuffers</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Sets the number of shared buffers for use by the server
        processes.  The default value of this parameter is chosen
        automatically by <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>initdb</SPAN
>.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the
        <A
HREF="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-SHARED-BUFFERS"
>shared_buffers</A
> configuration parameter.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-c <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
>=<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>value</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Sets a named run-time parameter. The configuration parameters
        supported by <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> are
        described in <A
HREF="runtime-config.html"
>Chapter 18</A
>. Most of the
        other command line options are in fact short forms of such a
        parameter assignment.  <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-c</TT
> can appear multiple times
        to set multiple parameters.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-C <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Prints the value of the named run-time parameter, and exits.
        (See the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-c</TT
> option above for details.)  This can
        be used on a running server, and returns values from
        <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>, modified by any parameters
        supplied in this invocation.  It does not reflect parameters
        supplied when the cluster was started.
       </P
><P
>        This option is meant for other programs that interact with a server
        instance, such as <A
HREF="app-pg-ctl.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_ctl</SPAN
></A
>, to query configuration
        parameter values.  User-facing applications should instead use <A
HREF="sql-show.html"
>SHOW</A
> or the <TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_settings</TT
> view.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-d <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>debug-level</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Sets the debug level.  The higher this value is set, the more
        debugging output is written to the server log.  Values are
        from 1 to 5.  It is also possible to pass <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-d
        0</TT
> for a specific session, which will prevent the
        server log level of the parent <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> process from being
        propagated to this session.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-D <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>datadir</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the file system location of the data directory or
        configuration file(s).  See
        <A
HREF="runtime-config-file-locations.html"
>Section 18.2</A
> for details.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-e</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Sets the default date style to <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"European"</SPAN
>, that is
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DMY</TT
> ordering of input date fields.  This also causes
        the day to be printed before the month in certain date output formats.
        See <A
HREF="datatype-datetime.html"
>Section 8.5</A
> for more information.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-F</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Disables <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>fsync</CODE
> calls for improved
        performance, at the risk of data corruption in the event of a
        system crash.  Specifying this option is equivalent to
        disabling the <A
HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-FSYNC"
>fsync</A
> configuration
        parameter. Read the detailed documentation before using this!
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-h <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>hostname</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the IP host name or address on which
        <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> is to listen for TCP/IP
        connections from client applications.  The value can also be a
        comma-separated list of addresses, or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> to specify
        listening on all available interfaces.  An empty value
        specifies not listening on any IP addresses, in which case
        only Unix-domain sockets can be used to connect to the
        server.  Defaults to listening only on
        <SPAN
CLASS="SYSTEMITEM"
>localhost</SPAN
>.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the <A
HREF="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-LISTEN-ADDRESSES"
>listen_addresses</A
> configuration parameter.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-i</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Allows remote clients to connect via TCP/IP (Internet domain)
        connections.  Without this option, only local connections are
        accepted.  This option is equivalent to setting
        <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>listen_addresses</TT
> to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> in
        <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> or via <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-h</TT
>.
       </P
><P
>        This option is deprecated since it does not allow access to the
        full functionality of <A
HREF="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-LISTEN-ADDRESSES"
>listen_addresses</A
>.
        It's usually better to set <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>listen_addresses</TT
> directly.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-k <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>directory</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the directory of the Unix-domain socket on which
        <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> is to listen for
        connections from client applications.  The value can also be a
        comma-separated list of directories.  An empty value
        specifies not listening on any Unix-domain sockets, in which case
        only TCP/IP sockets can be used to connect to the server.
        The default value is normally
        <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/tmp</TT
>, but that can be changed at build time.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the <A
HREF="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-UNIX-SOCKET-DIRECTORIES"
>unix_socket_directories</A
> configuration parameter.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-l</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Enables secure connections using <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
>.
        <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> must have been compiled with
        support for <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
> for this option to be
        available. For more information on using <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
>,
        refer to <A
HREF="ssl-tcp.html"
>Section 17.9</A
>.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-N <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>max-connections</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Sets the maximum number of client connections that this
        server will accept.  The default value of this parameter is chosen
        automatically by <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>initdb</SPAN
>.
        Specifying this option is equivalent to setting the
        <A
HREF="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS"
>max_connections</A
> configuration parameter.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-o <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>extra-options</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        The command-line-style options specified in <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>extra-options</I
></TT
> are passed to
        all server processes started by this
        <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> process.  If the option string contains
        any spaces, the entire string must be quoted.
       </P
><P
>        The use of this option is obsolete; all command-line options
        for server processes can be specified directly on the
        <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> command line.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-p <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>port</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the TCP/IP port or local Unix domain socket file
        extension on which <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
>
        is to listen for connections from client applications.
        Defaults to the value of the <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPORT</TT
> environment
        variable, or if <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPORT</TT
> is not set, then
        defaults to the value established during compilation (normally
        5432).  If you specify a port other than the default port,
        then all client applications must specify the same port using
        either command-line options or <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPORT</TT
>.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-s</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Print time information and other statistics at the end of each command.
        This is useful for benchmarking or for use in tuning the number of
        buffers.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-S</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>work-mem</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the amount of memory to be used by internal sorts and hashes
        before resorting to temporary disk files.  See the description of the
        <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>work_mem</TT
> configuration parameter in <A
HREF="runtime-config-resource.html#RUNTIME-CONFIG-RESOURCE-MEMORY"
>Section 18.4.1</A
>.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-V</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--version</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Print the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>postgres</SPAN
> version and exit.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>name</I
></TT
>=<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>value</I
></TT
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Sets a named run-time parameter; a shorter form of
        <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-c</TT
>.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--describe-config</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        This option dumps out the server's internal configuration variables,
        descriptions, and defaults in tab-delimited <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> format.
        It is designed primarily for use by administration tools.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-?</TT
><BR><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--help</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Show help about <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>postgres</SPAN
> command line
        arguments, and exit.
       </P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN87766"
></A
><H3
>Semi-internal Options</H3
><P
>     The options described here are used
     mainly for debugging purposes, and in some cases to assist with
     recovery of severely damaged databases. There should be no reason
     to use them in a production database setup.  They are listed
     here only for use by <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
     system developers.  Furthermore, these options might
     change or be removed in a future release without notice.
    </P
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-f</TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>{ s | i | o | b | t | n | m | h }</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Forbids the use of particular scan and join methods:
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>s</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>i</TT
>
        disable sequential and index scans respectively,
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>o</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>b</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>t</TT
>
        disable index-only scans, bitmap index scans, and TID scans
        respectively, while
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>n</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>m</TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>h</TT
>
        disable nested-loop, merge and hash joins respectively.
       </P
><P
>        Neither sequential scans nor nested-loop joins can be disabled
        completely; the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-fs</TT
> and
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>-fn</TT
> options simply discourage the optimizer
        from using those plan types if it has any other alternative.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-n</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        This option is for debugging problems that cause a server
        process to die abnormally.  The ordinary strategy in this
        situation is to notify all other server processes that they
        must terminate and then reinitialize the shared memory and
        semaphores.  This is because an errant server process could
        have corrupted some shared state before terminating.  This
        option specifies that <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> will
        not reinitialize shared data structures.  A knowledgeable
        system programmer can then use a debugger to examine shared
        memory and semaphore state.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-O</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Allows the structure of system tables to be modified.  This is
        used by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>initdb</TT
>.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-P</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Ignore system indexes when reading system tables, but still update
        the indexes when modifying the tables.  This is useful when
        recovering from damaged system indexes.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-t</TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>pa[rser] | pl[anner] | e[xecutor]</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Print timing statistics for each query relating to each of the
        major system modules.  This option cannot be used together
        with the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-s</TT
> option.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-T</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        This option is for debugging problems that cause a server
        process to die abnormally.  The ordinary strategy in this
        situation is to notify all other server processes that they
        must terminate and then reinitialize the shared memory and
        semaphores.  This is because an errant server process could
        have corrupted some shared state before terminating.  This
        option specifies that <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> will
        stop all other server processes by sending the signal
        <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGSTOP</TT
>, but will not cause them to
        terminate.  This permits system programmers to collect core
        dumps from all server processes by hand.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-v</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>protocol</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the version number of the frontend/backend protocol
        to be used for a particular session.  This option is for
        internal use only.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-W</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>seconds</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        A delay of this many seconds occurs when a new server process
        is started, after it conducts the authentication procedure.
        This is intended to give an opportunity to attach to the
        server process with a debugger.
       </P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN87831"
></A
><H3
>Options for Single-User Mode</H3
><P
>     The following options only apply to the single-user mode.
    </P
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--single</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Selects the single-user mode.  This must be the first argument
        on the command line.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>database</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Specifies the name of the database to be accessed.  This must be
        the last argument on the command line.  If it is
        omitted it defaults to the user name.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-E</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Echo all commands.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-j</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Disables use of newline as a statement delimiter.
       </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-r</TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>        Send all server log output to <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>.  In normal multiuser
        mode, this option is ignored, and <SPAN
CLASS="SYSTEMITEM"
>stderr</SPAN
> is
        used by all processes.
       </P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN87863"
></A
><H2
>Environment</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGCLIENTENCODING</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>      Default character encoding used by clients.  (The clients can
      override this individually.)  This value can also be set in the
      configuration file.
     </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGDATA</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>      Default data directory location
     </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGDATESTYLE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>      Default value of the <A
HREF="runtime-config-client.html#GUC-DATESTYLE"
>DateStyle</A
> run-time
      parameter.  (The use of this environment variable is deprecated.)
     </P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPORT</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
>      Default port number (preferably set in the configuration file)
     </P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN87887"
></A
><H2
>Diagnostics</H2
><P
>    A failure message mentioning <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>semget</TT
> or
    <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>shmget</TT
> probably indicates you need to configure your
    kernel to provide adequate shared memory and semaphores.  For more
    discussion see <A
HREF="kernel-resources.html"
>Section 17.4</A
>.  You might be able
    to postpone reconfiguring your kernel by decreasing <A
HREF="runtime-config-resource.html#GUC-SHARED-BUFFERS"
>shared_buffers</A
> to reduce the shared memory
    consumption of <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>, and/or by reducing
    <A
HREF="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS"
>max_connections</A
> to reduce the semaphore
    consumption.
   </P
><P
>    A failure message suggesting that another server is already running
    should be checked carefully, for example by using the command
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>ps ax | grep postgres</KBD
></PRE
><P>
        or
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>ps -ef | grep postgres</KBD
></PRE
><P>
    depending on your system.  If you are certain that no conflicting
    server is running, you can remove the lock file mentioned in the
    message and try again.
   </P
><P
>    A failure message indicating inability to bind to a port might
    indicate that that port is already in use by some
    non-<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> process.  You might also
    get this error if you terminate <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
>
    and immediately restart it using the same port; in this case, you
    must simply wait a few seconds until the operating system closes
    the port before trying again.  Finally, you might get this error if
    you specify a port number that your operating system considers to
    be reserved.  For example, many versions of Unix consider port
    numbers under 1024 to be <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"trusted"</SPAN
> and only permit
    the Unix superuser to access them.
   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN87907"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
>   The utility command <A
HREF="app-pg-ctl.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_ctl</SPAN
></A
> can be used to
   start and shut down the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> server
   safely and comfortably.
  </P
><P
>   If at all possible, <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>do not</I
></SPAN
> use
   <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGKILL</TT
> to kill the main
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> server.  Doing so will prevent
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> from freeing the system
   resources (e.g., shared memory and semaphores) that it holds before
   terminating.  This might cause problems for starting a fresh
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> run.
  </P
><P
>   To terminate the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> server normally, the
   signals <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGTERM</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGINT</TT
>, or
   <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGQUIT</TT
> can be used.  The first will wait for
   all clients to terminate before quitting, the second will
   forcefully disconnect all clients, and the third will quit
   immediately without proper shutdown, resulting in a recovery run
   during restart.
  </P
><P
>   The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGHUP</TT
> signal will reload
   the server configuration files.  It is also possible to send
   <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGHUP</TT
> to an individual server process, but that
   is usually not sensible.
  </P
><P
>   To cancel a running query, send the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGINT</TT
> signal
   to the process running that command.
  </P
><P
>   The <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> server uses <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGTERM</TT
>
   to tell subordinate server processes to quit normally and
   <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGQUIT</TT
> to terminate without the normal cleanup.
   These signals <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>should not</I
></SPAN
> be used by users.  It
   is also unwise to send <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SIGKILL</TT
> to a server
   process &mdash; the main <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> process will
   interpret this as a crash and will force all the sibling processes
   to quit as part of its standard crash-recovery procedure.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="APP-POSTGRES-BUGS"
></A
><H2
>Bugs</H2
><P
>   The <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>--</TT
> options will not work on <SPAN
CLASS="SYSTEMITEM"
>FreeBSD</SPAN
> or <SPAN
CLASS="SYSTEMITEM"
>OpenBSD</SPAN
>.
   Use <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-c</TT
> instead. This is a bug in the affected operating
   systems; a future release of <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
   will provide a workaround if this is not fixed.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN87943"
></A
><H2
>Usage</H2
><P
>    To start a single-user mode server, use a command like
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>postgres --single -D /usr/local/pgsql/data <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>other-options</I
></TT
> my_database</KBD
></PRE
><P>
    Provide the correct path to the database directory with <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-D</TT
>, or
    make sure that the environment variable <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGDATA</TT
> is set.
    Also specify the name of the particular database you want to work in.
   </P
><P
>    Normally, the single-user mode server treats newline as the command
    entry terminator; there is no intelligence about semicolons,
    as there is in <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
>.  To continue a command
    across multiple lines, you must type backslash just before each
    newline except the last one.
   </P
><P
>    But if you use the <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-j</TT
> command line switch, then newline does
    not terminate command entry.  In this case, the server will read the standard input
    until the end-of-file (<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>EOF</ACRONYM
>) marker, then
    process the input as a single command string.  Backslash-newline is not
    treated specially in this case.
   </P
><P
>    To quit the session, type <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>EOF</ACRONYM
>
    (<B
CLASS="KEYCAP"
>Control</B
>+<B
CLASS="KEYCAP"
>D</B
>, usually).
    If you've
    used <TT
CLASS="OPTION"
>-j</TT
>, two consecutive <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>EOF</ACRONYM
>s are needed to exit.
   </P
><P
>    Note that the single-user mode server does not provide sophisticated
    line-editing features (no command history, for example).
    Single-User mode also does not do any background processing, like
    automatic checkpoints.

   </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="APP-POSTGRES-EXAMPLES"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
>   To start <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> in the background
   using default values, type:

</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>nohup postgres &gt;logfile 2&gt;&amp;1 &lt;/dev/null &amp;</KBD
></PRE
><P>
  </P
><P
>   To start <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>postgres</TT
> with a specific
   port, e.g. 1234:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>postgres -p 1234</KBD
></PRE
><P>
   To connect to this server using <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
>, specify this port with the -p option:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>psql -p 1234</KBD
></PRE
><P>
   or set the environment variable <TT
CLASS="ENVAR"
>PGPORT</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>export PGPORT=1234</KBD
>
<SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>psql</KBD
></PRE
><P>
  </P
><P
>   Named run-time parameters can be set in either of these styles:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
><SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>postgres -c work_mem=1234</KBD
>
<SAMP
CLASS="PROMPT"
>$</SAMP
> <KBD
CLASS="USERINPUT"
>postgres --work-mem=1234</KBD
></PRE
><P>
   Either form overrides whatever setting might exist for
   <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>work_mem</TT
> in <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>.  Notice that
   underscores in parameter names can be written as either underscore
   or dash on the command line.  Except for short-term experiments,
   it's probably better practice to edit the setting in
   <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> than to rely on a command-line switch
   to set a parameter.
  </P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN87995"
></A
><H2
>See Also</H2
><P
>   <A
HREF="app-initdb.html"
>initdb</A
>,
   <A
HREF="app-pg-ctl.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>pg_ctl</SPAN
></A
>
  </P
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