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><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="GIST-EXTENSIBILITY"
>53.2. Extensibility</A
></H1
><P
> Traditionally, implementing a new index access method meant a lot of
difficult work. It was necessary to understand the inner workings of the
database, such as the lock manager and Write-Ahead Log. The
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> interface has a high level of abstraction,
requiring the access method implementer only to implement the semantics of
the data type being accessed. The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> layer itself
takes care of concurrency, logging and searching the tree structure.
</P
><P
> This extensibility should not be confused with the extensibility of the
other standard search trees in terms of the data they can handle. For
example, <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> supports extensible B-trees
and hash indexes. That means that you can use
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> to build a B-tree or hash over any
data type you want. But B-trees only support range predicates
(<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
><</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>=</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>></TT
>),
and hash indexes only support equality queries.
</P
><P
> So if you index, say, an image collection with a
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> B-tree, you can only issue queries
such as <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"is imagex equal to imagey"</SPAN
>, <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"is imagex less
than imagey"</SPAN
> and <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"is imagex greater than imagey"</SPAN
>.
Depending on how you define <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"equals"</SPAN
>, <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"less than"</SPAN
>
and <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"greater than"</SPAN
> in this context, this could be useful.
However, by using a <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> based index, you could create
ways to ask domain-specific questions, perhaps <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"find all images of
horses"</SPAN
> or <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"find all over-exposed images"</SPAN
>.
</P
><P
> All it takes to get a <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> access method up and running
is to implement several user-defined methods, which define the behavior of
keys in the tree. Of course these methods have to be pretty fancy to
support fancy queries, but for all the standard queries (B-trees,
R-trees, etc.) they're relatively straightforward. In short,
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> combines extensibility along with generality, code
reuse, and a clean interface.
</P
><P
> There are seven methods that an index operator class for
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> must provide, and an eighth that is optional.
Correctness of the index is ensured
by proper implementation of the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>same</CODE
>, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>consistent</CODE
>
and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>union</CODE
> methods, while efficiency (size and speed) of the
index will depend on the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>picksplit</CODE
>
methods.
The remaining two basic methods are <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>compress</CODE
> and
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>decompress</CODE
>, which allow an index to have internal tree data of
a different type than the data it indexes. The leaves are to be of the
indexed data type, while the other tree nodes can be of any C struct (but
you still have to follow <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> data type rules here,
see about <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>varlena</TT
> for variable sized data). If the tree's
internal data type exists at the SQL level, the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STORAGE</TT
> option
of the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OPERATOR CLASS</TT
> command can be used.
The optional eighth method is <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>distance</CODE
>, which is needed
if the operator class wishes to support ordered scans (nearest-neighbor
searches).
</P
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>consistent</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> Given an index entry <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>p</TT
> and a query value <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>q</TT
>,
this function determines whether the index entry is
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"consistent"</SPAN
> with the query; that is, could the predicate
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>indexed_column</I
></TT
>
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>indexable_operator</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>q</TT
>"</SPAN
> be true for
any row represented by the index entry? For a leaf index entry this is
equivalent to testing the indexable condition, while for an internal
tree node this determines whether it is necessary to scan the subtree
of the index represented by the tree node. When the result is
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>true</TT
>, a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>recheck</TT
> flag must also be returned.
This indicates whether the predicate is certainly true or only possibly
true. If <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>recheck</TT
> = <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>false</TT
> then the index has
tested the predicate condition exactly, whereas if <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>recheck</TT
>
= <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>true</TT
> the row is only a candidate match. In that case the
system will automatically evaluate the
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>indexable_operator</I
></TT
> against the actual row value to see
if it is really a match. This convention allows
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> to support both lossless and lossy index
structures.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_consistent(internal, data_type, smallint, oid, internal)
RETURNS bool
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_consistent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_consistent);
Datum
my_consistent(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
GISTENTRY *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
data_type *query = PG_GETARG_DATA_TYPE_P(1);
StrategyNumber strategy = (StrategyNumber) PG_GETARG_UINT16(2);
/* Oid subtype = PG_GETARG_OID(3); */
bool *recheck = (bool *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(4);
data_type *key = DatumGetDataType(entry->key);
bool retval;
/*
* determine return value as a function of strategy, key and query.
*
* Use GIST_LEAF(entry) to know where you're called in the index tree,
* which comes handy when supporting the = operator for example (you could
* check for non empty union() in non-leaf nodes and equality in leaf
* nodes).
*/
*recheck = true; /* or false if check is exact */
PG_RETURN_BOOL(retval);
}</PRE
><P>
Here, <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>key</TT
> is an element in the index and <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>query</TT
>
the value being looked up in the index. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>StrategyNumber</TT
>
parameter indicates which operator of your operator class is being
applied — it matches one of the operator numbers in the
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE OPERATOR CLASS</TT
> command. Depending on what operators
you have included in the class, the data type of <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>query</TT
> could
vary with the operator, but the above skeleton assumes it doesn't.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>union</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> This method consolidates information in the tree. Given a set of
entries, this function generates a new index entry that represents
all the given entries.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_union(internal, internal)
RETURNS internal
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_union(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_union);
Datum
my_union(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
GistEntryVector *entryvec = (GistEntryVector *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
GISTENTRY *ent = entryvec->vector;
data_type *out,
*tmp,
*old;
int numranges,
i = 0;
numranges = entryvec->n;
tmp = DatumGetDataType(ent[0].key);
out = tmp;
if (numranges == 1)
{
out = data_type_deep_copy(tmp);
PG_RETURN_DATA_TYPE_P(out);
}
for (i = 1; i < numranges; i++)
{
old = out;
tmp = DatumGetDataType(ent[i].key);
out = my_union_implementation(out, tmp);
}
PG_RETURN_DATA_TYPE_P(out);
}</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> As you can see, in this skeleton we're dealing with a data type
where <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>union(X, Y, Z) = union(union(X, Y), Z)</TT
>. It's easy
enough to support data types where this is not the case, by
implementing the proper union algorithm in this
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> support method.
</P
><P
> The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>union</CODE
> implementation function should return a
pointer to newly <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>palloc()</CODE
>ed memory. You can't just
return whatever the input is.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>compress</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> Converts the data item into a format suitable for physical storage in
an index page.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_compress(internal)
RETURNS internal
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_compress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_compress);
Datum
my_compress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
GISTENTRY *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
GISTENTRY *retval;
if (entry->leafkey)
{
/* replace entry->key with a compressed version */
compressed_data_type *compressed_data = palloc(sizeof(compressed_data_type));
/* fill *compressed_data from entry->key ... */
retval = palloc(sizeof(GISTENTRY));
gistentryinit(*retval, PointerGetDatum(compressed_data),
entry->rel, entry->page, entry->offset, FALSE);
}
else
{
/* typically we needn't do anything with non-leaf entries */
retval = entry;
}
PG_RETURN_POINTER(retval);
}</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> You have to adapt <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>compressed_data_type</I
></TT
> to the specific
type you're converting to in order to compress your leaf nodes, of
course.
</P
><P
> Depending on your needs, you could also need to care about
compressing <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> values in there, storing for example
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>(Datum) 0</TT
> like <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>gist_circle_compress</TT
> does.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>decompress</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> The reverse of the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>compress</CODE
> method. Converts the
index representation of the data item into a format that can be
manipulated by the database.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_decompress(internal)
RETURNS internal
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_decompress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_decompress);
Datum
my_decompress(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
PG_RETURN_POINTER(PG_GETARG_POINTER(0));
}</PRE
><P>
The above skeleton is suitable for the case where no decompression
is needed.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> Returns a value indicating the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"cost"</SPAN
> of inserting the new
entry into a particular branch of the tree. Items will be inserted
down the path of least <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
> in the tree.
Values returned by <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
> should be non-negative.
If a negative value is returned, it will be treated as zero.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_penalty(internal, internal, internal)
RETURNS internal
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT; -- in some cases penalty functions need not be strict</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_penalty(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_penalty);
Datum
my_penalty(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
GISTENTRY *origentry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
GISTENTRY *newentry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
float *penalty = (float *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
data_type *orig = DatumGetDataType(origentry->key);
data_type *new = DatumGetDataType(newentry->key);
*penalty = my_penalty_implementation(orig, new);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(penalty);
}</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> The <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
> function is crucial to good performance of
the index. It'll get used at insertion time to determine which branch
to follow when choosing where to add the new entry in the tree. At
query time, the more balanced the index, the quicker the lookup.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>picksplit</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> When an index page split is necessary, this function decides which
entries on the page are to stay on the old page, and which are to move
to the new page.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_picksplit(internal, internal)
RETURNS internal
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_picksplit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_picksplit);
Datum
my_picksplit(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
GistEntryVector *entryvec = (GistEntryVector *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
OffsetNumber maxoff = entryvec->n - 1;
GISTENTRY *ent = entryvec->vector;
GIST_SPLITVEC *v = (GIST_SPLITVEC *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(1);
int i,
nbytes;
OffsetNumber *left,
*right;
data_type *tmp_union;
data_type *unionL;
data_type *unionR;
GISTENTRY **raw_entryvec;
maxoff = entryvec->n - 1;
nbytes = (maxoff + 1) * sizeof(OffsetNumber);
v->spl_left = (OffsetNumber *) palloc(nbytes);
left = v->spl_left;
v->spl_nleft = 0;
v->spl_right = (OffsetNumber *) palloc(nbytes);
right = v->spl_right;
v->spl_nright = 0;
unionL = NULL;
unionR = NULL;
/* Initialize the raw entry vector. */
raw_entryvec = (GISTENTRY **) malloc(entryvec->n * sizeof(void *));
for (i = FirstOffsetNumber; i <= maxoff; i = OffsetNumberNext(i))
raw_entryvec[i] = &(entryvec->vector[i]);
for (i = FirstOffsetNumber; i <= maxoff; i = OffsetNumberNext(i))
{
int real_index = raw_entryvec[i] - entryvec->vector;
tmp_union = DatumGetDataType(entryvec->vector[real_index].key);
Assert(tmp_union != NULL);
/*
* Choose where to put the index entries and update unionL and unionR
* accordingly. Append the entries to either v_spl_left or
* v_spl_right, and care about the counters.
*/
if (my_choice_is_left(unionL, curl, unionR, curr))
{
if (unionL == NULL)
unionL = tmp_union;
else
unionL = my_union_implementation(unionL, tmp_union);
*left = real_index;
++left;
++(v->spl_nleft);
}
else
{
/*
* Same on the right
*/
}
}
v->spl_ldatum = DataTypeGetDatum(unionL);
v->spl_rdatum = DataTypeGetDatum(unionR);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(v);
}</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Like <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
>, the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>picksplit</CODE
> function
is crucial to good performance of the index. Designing suitable
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>penalty</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>picksplit</CODE
> implementations
is where the challenge of implementing well-performing
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GiST</ACRONYM
> indexes lies.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>same</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> Returns true if two index entries are identical, false otherwise.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_same(internal, internal, internal)
RETURNS internal
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_same(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_same);
Datum
my_same(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
prefix_range *v1 = PG_GETARG_PREFIX_RANGE_P(0);
prefix_range *v2 = PG_GETARG_PREFIX_RANGE_P(1);
bool *result = (bool *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(2);
*result = my_eq(v1, v2);
PG_RETURN_POINTER(result);
}</PRE
><P>
For historical reasons, the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>same</CODE
> function doesn't
just return a Boolean result; instead it has to store the flag
at the location indicated by the third argument.
</P
></DD
><DT
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>distance</CODE
></DT
><DD
><P
> Given an index entry <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>p</TT
> and a query value <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>q</TT
>,
this function determines the index entry's
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"distance"</SPAN
> from the query value. This function must be
supplied if the operator class contains any ordering operators.
A query using the ordering operator will be implemented by returning
index entries with the smallest <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"distance"</SPAN
> values first,
so the results must be consistent with the operator's semantics.
For a leaf index entry the result just represents the distance to
the index entry; for an internal tree node, the result must be the
smallest distance that any child entry could have.
</P
><P
> The <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> declaration of the function must look like this:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION my_distance(internal, data_type, smallint, oid)
RETURNS float8
AS 'MODULE_PATHNAME'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
And the matching code in the C module could then follow this skeleton:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>Datum my_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS);
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(my_distance);
Datum
my_distance(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
GISTENTRY *entry = (GISTENTRY *) PG_GETARG_POINTER(0);
data_type *query = PG_GETARG_DATA_TYPE_P(1);
StrategyNumber strategy = (StrategyNumber) PG_GETARG_UINT16(2);
/* Oid subtype = PG_GETARG_OID(3); */
data_type *key = DatumGetDataType(entry->key);
double retval;
/*
* determine return value as a function of strategy, key and query.
*/
PG_RETURN_FLOAT8(retval);
}</PRE
><P>
The arguments to the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>distance</CODE
> function are identical to
the arguments of the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>consistent</CODE
> function, except that no
recheck flag is used. The distance to a leaf index entry must always
be determined exactly, since there is no way to re-order the tuples
once they are returned. Some approximation is allowed when determining
the distance to an internal tree node, so long as the result is never
greater than any child's actual distance. Thus, for example, distance
to a bounding box is usually sufficient in geometric applications. The
result value can be any finite <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>float8</TT
> value. (Infinity and
minus infinity are used internally to handle cases such as nulls, so it
is not recommended that <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>distance</CODE
> functions return these
values.)
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><P
> All the GiST support methods are normally called in short-lived memory
contexts; that is, <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>CurrentMemoryContext</TT
> will get reset after
each tuple is processed. It is therefore not very important to worry about
pfree'ing everything you palloc. However, in some cases it's useful for a
support method to cache data across repeated calls. To do that, allocate
the longer-lived data in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>fcinfo->flinfo->fn_mcxt</TT
>, and
keep a pointer to it in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>fcinfo->flinfo->fn_extra</TT
>. Such
data will survive for the life of the index operation (e.g., a single GiST
index scan, index build, or index tuple insertion). Be careful to pfree
the previous value when replacing a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>fn_extra</TT
> value, or the leak
will accumulate for the duration of the operation.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
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Mini Shell