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><A
NAME="INDEXES-MULTICOLUMN"
>11.3. Multicolumn Indexes</A
></H1
><P
> An index can be defined on more than one column of a table. For example, if
you have a table of this form:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE TABLE test2 (
major int,
minor int,
name varchar
);</PRE
><P>
(say, you keep your <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/dev</TT
>
directory in a database...) and you frequently issue queries like:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT name FROM test2 WHERE major = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>constant</I
></TT
> AND minor = <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>constant</I
></TT
>;</PRE
><P>
then it might be appropriate to define an index on the columns
<TT
CLASS="STRUCTFIELD"
>major</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="STRUCTFIELD"
>minor</TT
> together, e.g.:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE INDEX test2_mm_idx ON test2 (major, minor);</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Currently, only the B-tree, GiST and GIN index types support multicolumn
indexes. Up to 32 columns can be specified. (This limit can be
altered when building <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>; see the
file <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>pg_config_manual.h</TT
>.)
</P
><P
> A multicolumn B-tree index can be used with query conditions that
involve any subset of the index's columns, but the index is most
efficient when there are constraints on the leading (leftmost) columns.
The exact rule is that equality constraints on leading columns, plus
any inequality constraints on the first column that does not have an
equality constraint, will be used to limit the portion of the index
that is scanned. Constraints on columns to the right of these columns
are checked in the index, so they save visits to the table proper, but
they do not reduce the portion of the index that has to be scanned.
For example, given an index on <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>(a, b, c)</TT
> and a
query condition <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE a = 5 AND b >= 42 AND c < 77</TT
>,
the index would have to be scanned from the first entry with
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>a</TT
> = 5 and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>b</TT
> = 42 up through the last entry with
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>a</TT
> = 5. Index entries with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>c</TT
> >= 77 would be
skipped, but they'd still have to be scanned through.
This index could in principle be used for queries that have constraints
on <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>b</TT
> and/or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>c</TT
> with no constraint on <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>a</TT
>
— but the entire index would have to be scanned, so in most cases
the planner would prefer a sequential table scan over using the index.
</P
><P
> A multicolumn GiST index can be used with query conditions that
involve any subset of the index's columns. Conditions on additional
columns restrict the entries returned by the index, but the condition on
the first column is the most important one for determining how much of
the index needs to be scanned. A GiST index will be relatively
ineffective if its first column has only a few distinct values, even if
there are many distinct values in additional columns.
</P
><P
> A multicolumn GIN index can be used with query conditions that
involve any subset of the index's columns. Unlike B-tree or GiST,
index search effectiveness is the same regardless of which index column(s)
the query conditions use.
</P
><P
> Of course, each column must be used with operators appropriate to the index
type; clauses that involve other operators will not be considered.
</P
><P
> Multicolumn indexes should be used sparingly. In most situations,
an index on a single column is sufficient and saves space and time.
Indexes with more than three columns are unlikely to be helpful
unless the usage of the table is extremely stylized. See also
<A
HREF="indexes-bitmap-scans.html"
>Section 11.5</A
> for some discussion of the
merits of different index configurations.
</P
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