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><H1
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><A
NAME="PLPERL-TRUSTED"
>41.5. Trusted and Untrusted PL/Perl</A
></H1
><P
> Normally, PL/Perl is installed as a <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"trusted"</SPAN
> programming
language named <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>plperl</TT
>. In this setup, certain Perl
operations are disabled to preserve security. In general, the
operations that are restricted are those that interact with the
environment. This includes file handle operations,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>require</TT
>, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>use</TT
> (for
external modules). There is no way to access internals of the
database server process or to gain OS-level access with the
permissions of the server process,
as a C function can do. Thus, any unprivileged database user can
be permitted to use this language.
</P
><P
> Here is an example of a function that will not work because file
system operations are not allowed for security reasons:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION badfunc() RETURNS integer AS $$
my $tmpfile = "/tmp/badfile";
open my $fh, '>', $tmpfile
or elog(ERROR, qq{could not open the file "$tmpfile": $!});
print $fh "Testing writing to a file\n";
close $fh or elog(ERROR, qq{could not close the file "$tmpfile": $!});
return 1;
$$ LANGUAGE plperl;</PRE
><P>
The creation of this function will fail as its use of a forbidden
operation will be caught by the validator.
</P
><P
> Sometimes it is desirable to write Perl functions that are not
restricted. For example, one might want a Perl function that sends
mail. To handle these cases, PL/Perl can also be installed as an
<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"untrusted"</SPAN
> language (usually called
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
>).
In this case the full Perl language is available. When installing the
language, the language name <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>plperlu</TT
> will select
the untrusted PL/Perl variant.
</P
><P
> The writer of a <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
> function must take care that the function
cannot be used to do anything unwanted, since it will be able to do
anything that could be done by a user logged in as the database
administrator. Note that the database system allows only database
superusers to create functions in untrusted languages.
</P
><P
> If the above function was created by a superuser using the language
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>plperlu</TT
>, execution would succeed.
</P
><P
> In the same way, anonymous code blocks written in Perl can use
restricted operations if the language is specified as
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>plperlu</TT
> rather than <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>plperl</TT
>, but the caller
must be a superuser.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> While <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> functions run in a separate Perl
interpreter for each SQL role, all <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
> functions
executed in a given session run in a single Perl interpreter (which is
not any of the ones used for <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> functions).
This allows <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
> functions to share data freely,
but no communication can occur between <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> and
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
> functions.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> Perl cannot support multiple interpreters within one process unless
it was built with the appropriate flags, namely either
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>usemultiplicity</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>useithreads</TT
>.
(<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>usemultiplicity</TT
> is preferred unless you actually need
to use threads. For more details, see the
<SPAN
CLASS="CITEREFENTRY"
><SPAN
CLASS="REFENTRYTITLE"
>perlembed</SPAN
></SPAN
> man page.)
If <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> is used with a copy of Perl that was not built
this way, then it is only possible to have one Perl interpreter per
session, and so any one session can only execute either
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
> functions, or <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> functions
that are all called by the same SQL role.
</P
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