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>Aggregate Functions</TITLE
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><H1
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><A
NAME="TUTORIAL-AGG"
>2.7. Aggregate Functions</A
></H1
><P
> Like most other relational database products,
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> supports
<I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>aggregate functions</I
>.
An aggregate function computes a single result from multiple input rows.
For example, there are aggregates to compute the
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>count</CODE
>, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>sum</CODE
>,
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>avg</CODE
> (average), <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>max</CODE
> (maximum) and
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>min</CODE
> (minimum) over a set of rows.
</P
><P
> As an example, we can find the highest low-temperature reading anywhere
with:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather;</PRE
><P>
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> max
-----
46
(1 row)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
>
If we wanted to know what city (or cities) that reading occurred in,
we might try:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT city FROM weather WHERE temp_lo = max(temp_lo); <I
CLASS="LINEANNOTATION"
>WRONG</I
></PRE
><P>
but this will not work since the aggregate
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>max</CODE
> cannot be used in the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> clause. (This restriction exists because
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> clause determines which rows will be
included in the aggregate calculation; so obviously it has to be evaluated
before aggregate functions are computed.)
However, as is often the case
the query can be restated to accomplish the desired result, here
by using a <I
CLASS="FIRSTTERM"
>subquery</I
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT city FROM weather
WHERE temp_lo = (SELECT max(temp_lo) FROM weather);</PRE
><P>
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> city
---------------
San Francisco
(1 row)</PRE
><P>
This is OK because the subquery is an independent computation
that computes its own aggregate separately from what is happening
in the outer query.
</P
><P
>
Aggregates are also very useful in combination with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>GROUP
BY</TT
> clauses. For example, we can get the maximum low
temperature observed in each city with:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT city, max(temp_lo)
FROM weather
GROUP BY city;</PRE
><P>
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> city | max
---------------+-----
Hayward | 37
San Francisco | 46
(2 rows)</PRE
><P>
which gives us one output row per city. Each aggregate result is
computed over the table rows matching that city.
We can filter these grouped
rows using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT city, max(temp_lo)
FROM weather
GROUP BY city
HAVING max(temp_lo) < 40;</PRE
><P>
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
> city | max
---------+-----
Hayward | 37
(1 row)</PRE
><P>
which gives us the same results for only the cities that have all
<TT
CLASS="STRUCTFIELD"
>temp_lo</TT
> values below 40. Finally, if we only care about
cities whose
names begin with <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>S</TT
>"</SPAN
>, we might do:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>SELECT city, max(temp_lo)
FROM weather
WHERE city LIKE 'S%'<A
NAME="CO.TUTORIAL-AGG-LIKE"
><B
>(1)</B
></A
>
GROUP BY city
HAVING max(temp_lo) < 40;</PRE
><P>
<DIV
CLASS="CALLOUTLIST"
><DL
COMPACT="COMPACT"
><DT
><A
HREF="tutorial-agg.html#CO.TUTORIAL-AGG-LIKE"
><B
>(1)</B
></A
></DT
><DD
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIKE</TT
> operator does pattern matching and
is explained in <A
HREF="functions-matching.html"
>Section 9.7</A
>.
</DD
></DL
></DIV
>
</P
><P
> It is important to understand the interaction between aggregates and
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
>'s <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
> clauses.
The fundamental difference between <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
> is this: <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> selects
input rows before groups and aggregates are computed (thus, it controls
which rows go into the aggregate computation), whereas
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
> selects group rows after groups and
aggregates are computed. Thus, the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> clause must not contain aggregate functions;
it makes no sense to try to use an aggregate to determine which rows
will be inputs to the aggregates. On the other hand, the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
> clause always contains aggregate functions.
(Strictly speaking, you are allowed to write a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
>
clause that doesn't use aggregates, but it's seldom useful. The same
condition could be used more efficiently at the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
>
stage.)
</P
><P
> In the previous example, we can apply the city name restriction in
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
>, since it needs no aggregate. This is
more efficient than adding the restriction to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HAVING</TT
>,
because we avoid doing the grouping and aggregate calculations
for all rows that fail the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> check.
</P
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