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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Reliability</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log" HREF="wal.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log" HREF="wal.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)" HREF="wal-intro.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2017-11-06T22:43:11"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log" HREF="wal.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="wal.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 29. Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log</TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Write-Ahead Logging (WAL)" HREF="wal-intro.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="WAL-RELIABILITY" >29.1. Reliability</A ></H1 ><P > Reliability is an important property of any serious database system, and <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > does everything possible to guarantee reliable operation. One aspect of reliable operation is that all data recorded by a committed transaction should be stored in a nonvolatile area that is safe from power loss, operating system failure, and hardware failure (except failure of the nonvolatile area itself, of course). Successfully writing the data to the computer's permanent storage (disk drive or equivalent) ordinarily meets this requirement. In fact, even if a computer is fatally damaged, if the disk drives survive they can be moved to another computer with similar hardware and all committed transactions will remain intact. </P ><P > While forcing data to the disk platters periodically might seem like a simple operation, it is not. Because disk drives are dramatically slower than main memory and CPUs, several layers of caching exist between the computer's main memory and the disk platters. First, there is the operating system's buffer cache, which caches frequently requested disk blocks and combines disk writes. Fortunately, all operating systems give applications a way to force writes from the buffer cache to disk, and <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > uses those features. (See the <A HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-WAL-SYNC-METHOD" >wal_sync_method</A > parameter to adjust how this is done.) </P ><P > Next, there might be a cache in the disk drive controller; this is particularly common on <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >RAID</ACRONYM > controller cards. Some of these caches are <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >write-through</I >, meaning writes are sent to the drive as soon as they arrive. Others are <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >write-back</I >, meaning data is sent to the drive at some later time. Such caches can be a reliability hazard because the memory in the disk controller cache is volatile, and will lose its contents in a power failure. Better controller cards have <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >battery-backup units</I > (<ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >BBU</ACRONYM >s), meaning the card has a battery that maintains power to the cache in case of system power loss. After power is restored the data will be written to the disk drives. </P ><P > And finally, most disk drives have caches. Some are write-through while some are write-back, and the same concerns about data loss exist for write-back drive caches as for disk controller caches. Consumer-grade IDE and SATA drives are particularly likely to have write-back caches that will not survive a power failure. Many solid-state drives (SSD) also have volatile write-back caches. </P ><P > These caches can typically be disabled; however, the method for doing this varies by operating system and drive type: </P ><P ></P ><UL ><LI ><P > On <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >Linux</SPAN >, IDE drives can be queried using <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >hdparm -I</TT >; write caching is enabled if there is a <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >*</TT > next to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >Write cache</TT >. <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >hdparm -W 0</TT > can be used to turn off write caching. SCSI drives can be queried using <A HREF="http://sg.danny.cz/sg/sdparm.html" TARGET="_top" ><SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >sdparm</SPAN ></A >. Use <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >sdparm --get=WCE</TT > to check whether the write cache is enabled and <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >sdparm --clear=WCE</TT > to disable it. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > On <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >FreeBSD</SPAN >, IDE drives can be queried using <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >atacontrol</TT > and write caching turned off using <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >hw.ata.wc=0</TT > in <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/boot/loader.conf</TT >; SCSI drives can be queried using <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >camcontrol identify</TT >, and the write cache both queried and changed using <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >sdparm</TT > when available. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > On <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >Solaris</SPAN >, the disk write cache is controlled by <A HREF="http://www.sun.com/bigadmin/content/submitted/format_utility.jsp" TARGET="_top" ><TT CLASS="LITERAL" >format -e</TT ></A >. (The Solaris <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ZFS</ACRONYM > file system is safe with disk write-cache enabled because it issues its own disk cache flush commands.) </P ></LI ><LI ><P > On <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >Windows</SPAN >, if <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >wal_sync_method</TT > is <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >open_datasync</TT > (the default), write caching can be disabled by unchecking <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >My Computer\Open\<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >disk drive</I ></TT >\Properties\Hardware\Properties\Policies\Enable write caching on the disk</TT >. Alternatively, set <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >wal_sync_method</TT > to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >fsync</TT > or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >fsync_writethrough</TT >, which prevent write caching. </P ></LI ><LI ><P > On <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >Mac OS X</SPAN >, write caching can be prevented by setting <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >wal_sync_method</TT > to <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >fsync_writethrough</TT >. </P ></LI ></UL ><P > Recent SATA drives (those following <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ATAPI-6</ACRONYM > or later) offer a drive cache flush command (<TT CLASS="COMMAND" >FLUSH CACHE EXT</TT >), while SCSI drives have long supported a similar command <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >SYNCHRONIZE CACHE</TT >. These commands are not directly accessible to <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN >, but some file systems (e.g., <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ZFS</ACRONYM >, <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >ext4</ACRONYM >) can use them to flush data to the platters on write-back-enabled drives. Unfortunately, such file systems behave suboptimally when combined with battery-backup unit (<ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >BBU</ACRONYM >) disk controllers. In such setups, the synchronize command forces all data from the controller cache to the disks, eliminating much of the benefit of the BBU. You can run the <A HREF="pgtestfsync.html" ><SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >pg_test_fsync</SPAN ></A > module to see if you are affected. If you are affected, the performance benefits of the BBU can be regained by turning off write barriers in the file system or reconfiguring the disk controller, if that is an option. If write barriers are turned off, make sure the battery remains functional; a faulty battery can potentially lead to data loss. Hopefully file system and disk controller designers will eventually address this suboptimal behavior. </P ><P > When the operating system sends a write request to the storage hardware, there is little it can do to make sure the data has arrived at a truly non-volatile storage area. Rather, it is the administrator's responsibility to make certain that all storage components ensure data integrity. Avoid disk controllers that have non-battery-backed write caches. At the drive level, disable write-back caching if the drive cannot guarantee the data will be written before shutdown. If you use SSDs, be aware that many of these do not honor cache flush commands by default. You can test for reliable I/O subsystem behavior using <A HREF="http://brad.livejournal.com/2116715.html" TARGET="_top" ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >diskchecker.pl</TT ></A >. </P ><P > Another risk of data loss is posed by the disk platter write operations themselves. Disk platters are divided into sectors, commonly 512 bytes each. Every physical read or write operation processes a whole sector. When a write request arrives at the drive, it might be for some multiple of 512 bytes (<SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > typically writes 8192 bytes, or 16 sectors, at a time), and the process of writing could fail due to power loss at any time, meaning some of the 512-byte sectors were written while others were not. To guard against such failures, <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > periodically writes full page images to permanent WAL storage <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >before</I ></SPAN > modifying the actual page on disk. By doing this, during crash recovery <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > can restore partially-written pages from WAL. If you have file-system software that prevents partial page writes (e.g., ZFS), you can turn off this page imaging by turning off the <A HREF="runtime-config-wal.html#GUC-FULL-PAGE-WRITES" >full_page_writes</A > parameter. Battery-Backed Unit (BBU) disk controllers do not prevent partial page writes unless they guarantee that data is written to the BBU as full (8kB) pages. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="wal.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="wal-intro.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Reliability and the Write-Ahead Log</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="wal.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Write-Ahead Logging (<ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >WAL</ACRONYM >)</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >